Citation :

Tvesha Ghosh, "Detecting Glucose Concentration in Biological Fluids," International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT), vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 1-5, 2024. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/22490183/IJBTT-V14I2P101

Abstract

Microfluidics paper-based diagnostics are novel and inexpensive point-of-care devices with significant potential for use in developing countries. These devices work on the principle of capillary action in a porous substrate in which the wicking distance is proportional to the square root of the time taken to travel across the porous substrate, illustrated by the Lucas-Washburn equation. These can be used to diagnose multiple diseases by measuring parameters like glucose levels and lipid levels in biological fluids. This paper focuses on an innovative and simple point-of-care diagnostic to measure glucose concentration in different solutions. The experimental device has a testing region coated with glucose oxidase-peroxidase mixed with potassium iodide. On reaching the testing zone, the glucose solution reacts with glucose oxidase to yield gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. In the next stage, hydrogen peroxide reacts with potassium iodide, liberating iodine. [The iodine develops colorimetric assays ranging from light pink to brown depending on the glucose concentration. A smartphone camera was used to capture the colorimetric assay, and the software ImageJ to convert it into an 8-bit image. The mean grey intensity of each colorimetric assay and the respective glucose concentrations were calculated using ImageJ. The results show a linear relationship, y=0.264x+67.3 (y: mean grey intensity, x: glucose concentration), between glucose concentration and mean grey intensity with a correlation coefficient of 0.97 (2 s.f), indicating a strong relationship between these variables. This innovation can be further developed to diagnose diabetes in low-income and rural communities and substitute for expensive and unaffordable diagnostic tools.

Keywords

Microfluidics, Paper-based diagnostics, Capillary action, Porous substrate, Diabetes.

References

[1] Rajendra Pradeepa, and Viswanathan Mohan, “Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes in India,” Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 69, no. 11, pp. 2932-2938, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[2] Differences Between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. (n.d.). Diabetes UK, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.diabetes.org.uk/diabetes-the-basics/differences-between-type-1-and-type-2-diabetes
[3] Yu Yan et al., “An Origami Paper-Based Analytical Device for Rapid and Sensitive Analysis of Acrylamide in Foods,” Micromachines, vol. 13, no. 1, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[4] What is Type 1 Diabetes? | CDC. (n.d.). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/what-is-type-1-diabetes.html
[5] Type 1 Diabetes: Causes, Symptoms, Complications and Treatment, Cleveland Clinic, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21500-type-1-diabetes
[6] Type 1 vs Type 2 Diabetes, UVA Health, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://uvahealth.com/services/diabetes-care/types
[7] Richa Gandhi, Diabetes Cases in India: Rising Diabetes Curve a Warning for India, India News, Times of India, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rising-diabetes-curve-a-warning-for-india/articleshow/105196023.cms
[8] (n.d.). Glucometers - Buy Glucometers Online at Best Prices in India, Moglix.com. [Online]. Available: https://www.moglix.com/medical-supplies/diagnostic-instruments/glucometers/115251400
[9] Han Zhang et al., “Inkjet Printed Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Device (µpad) For Glucose Colorimetric Detection in Artificial Urine,” Biomedical Microdevices, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 1-10, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[10] Dr Hempel, Paper Diagnostics | A Cheap Sensor Technology for Screening of Diseases, Dr. Hempel Digital Health Network, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.dr-hempel-network.com/digital-health-technolgy/paper-diagnostics-sensor-technology/
[11] Turn-Around-Time in Laboratory, Tempus600, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.tempus600.com/blood-transport/turn-around-time-in-laboratory
[12] Sujay K. Biswas et al., “Instrument-Free Single-Step Direct Estimation of the Plasma Glucose Level from One Drop of Blood Using Smartphone-Interfaced Analytics on A Paper Strip,” Lab on a Chip, vol. 22, no. 23, pp. 4666-4679, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[13] Shantimoy Kar et al., “Microfluidics on Porous Substrates Mediated by Capillarity-Driven Transport,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. 59, no. 9, pp. 3644-3654, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[14] Diabetes in India, Diabetes-India, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/india/health-topics/mobile-technology-for-preventing-ncds
[15] Andres W. Martinez et al., “Diagnostics for the Developing World: Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 3-10, 2010.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[16] What is the Average Cost of a Blood Test in India?, Apollo 247, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.apollo247.com/lab-tests-queries/what-average-cost-blood-test-india_ltuu
[17] Soo Rhee, Urine Glucose Test: Purpose, Procedure, and Results, Healthline, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.healthline.com/health/glucose-test-urine#procedure
[18] H.J Morel, and J.R Nimmo, Capillary Action and Water | U.S. Geological Survey, USGS.gov, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/capillary-action-and-water
[19] Bindu Shajan Perappadan, India Logged 31 million New Diabetes Patients in 2019-21: Study, The Hindu, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/31-million-more-indians-became-diabetic-between-2019-2021-says-study/article66949970.ece
[20] Anonna Dutt, India Has 101 Million People Living with Diabetes: What A Recent ICMR Study Said, The Indian Express, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-health/diabetes-obesity-hypertension-8670730/#